Dissecação anatômica como estratégia para o estudo do sistema neural em fetos humanos / Anatomic dissection as a strategy for the study of the neural system in fetuses / Disección anatómica como estrategia para el estudio del sistema neural en fetos

Esse trabalho busca relatar o processo de confecção de peças anatômicas para o ensino da anatomia humana a partir de material cadavérico fetal. Os discentes do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) ­ Campus Toledo participaram do programa de voluntariado acadêmico e deram atenção especial aos aspectos técnicos do processo de dissecação, bem como a experiência subjetiva desse procedimento como ferramenta de aprendizado ativo. O procedimento foi realizado na sala de preparação de cadáver da UFPR ­ Campus Toledo, utilizando instrumental de dissecação e cadáveres humanos fetais com 20, 17 e 14 semanas de idade gestacional, direcionado de modo a expor as partes constituintes do sistema neural. Foram confeccionadas peças de cérebro, cerebelo, tronco encefálico, medula espinal, nervos espinais e suas estruturas associadas. Os voluntários envolvidos foram capazes de produzir material de estudo de qualidade através da dissecação e fortalecer seu conhecimento em anatomia humana e aptidão manual. Também foi dada atenção à importância e às limitações do processo de dissecação como estratégia de aprendizado em cursos da área de saúde. pôde ser observado que a dissecação pode fazer parte de uma formação completa e bem estruturada dos discentes, que por sua vez irão integrar a sociedade e a academia. Além disso, a exposição da topografia neural fetal pode servir de referencial para posteriores estudos que venham a utilizar essas informações.

This work aims to report the confection process of anatomic pieces for teaching human anatomy from fetal cadaveric material. The students of the medicine course of Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) ­ Campus Toledo, took part in the academic volunteer program and paid special attention to the technical aspects of the dissection process, as well as the subjective experience of this procedure as an active learning tool. The procedure was performed at the cadaver preparation room of the UFPR ­ Campus Toledo, using dissection tools and human fetal corpses of 20, 17 and 14 weeks of gestational ages, directed so as to expose the constituent parts of the neural system. Pieces of the brain, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and its associated structures were made. The involved voluntaries were able to produce quality study material through dissection, and strengthen their knowledge in human anatomy and manual skill. Attention was also given to the importance and limitations of the dissection process as a learning strategy in health courses. it was observed that dissection can be part of a complete and well-structured training of students, who in turn will integrate society and academia. In addition, the exposure of fetal neural topography can serve as a reference for further studies that use this information

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el proceso de confección de piezas anatómicas para la enseñanza de la anatomía humana a partir de material cadavérico fetal. Los alumnos del curso de medicina de la Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) - Campus Toledo, participaron del programa de voluntariado académico y prestaron especial atención a los aspectos técnicos del proceso de disección, así como a la vivencia subjetiva de este procedimiento como herramienta de aprendizaje activo. El procedimiento fue realizado en la sala de preparación de cadáveres de la UFPR - Campus Toledo, utilizando herramientas de disección y cadáveres de fetos humanos de 20, 17 y 14 semanas de edad gestacional, dirigidos de forma a exponer las partes constitutivas del sistema neural. Se realizaron piezas del cerebro, cerebelo, tronco encefálico, médula espinal, nervios espinales y sus estructuras asociadas. Los voluntarios participantes pudieron elaborar material de estudio de calidad mediante la disección y reforzar sus conocimientos de anatomía humana y habilidad manual. También se prestó atención a la importancia y las limitaciones del proceso de disección como estrategia de aprendizaje en los cursos de salud. Se observó que la disección puede formar parte de una formación completa y bien estructurada de los estudiantes, que a su vez integrarán la sociedad y el mundo académico. Además, la exposición de la topografía neural fetal puede servir de referencia para estudios posteriores que utilicen esta información.

Volunteer motivation in sports events in Brazil / Motivação de voluntários em eventos esportivos no Brasil

ABSTRACT The purpose was to analyze the potential differences in the motivation factors of volunteers according to the demographics; sex, level of education, and type of events in Brazil. The Volunteer Motivations Scale for International Sporting Events was administered to Brazilian volunteers via an online survey. Back-translation was used to ensure accuracy between the original scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to perform the transcultural adaptation. MANOVA was utilized to compare differences in demographic variables. Volunteers were motivated by two factors: Love of Sports and Community Involvement. The level of education verified significant differences only in the love of sport factor. The MANOVA revealed that the volunteers with a lower level of schooling (incomplete and elementary school) have higher levels of motivation (love for sport) compared to volunteers with high school, undergraduate, master's and PhD degrees. The interaction between sex and level of education indicated a significant difference in the same factor, and the interaction sex and type of event with the factor Community Involvement. Therefore, the results identify some differences in demographics. It is concluded that Volunteers' motivation is linked to the love of sport and involvement with the community and is related to sex and schooling, highlighting the importance of investigating volunteer motivations amongst sports events to promote positive development in management practices, specially to Brazilian sports events.

RESUMO O objetivo foi analisar as potenciais diferenças nos fatores de motivação de voluntários de acordo com os dados demográficos; sexo, nível de escolaridade e tipo de eventos no Brasil. A Escala de Motivação de Voluntários para Eventos Esportivos Internacionais foi aplicada a voluntários brasileiros por meio de um questionário online. A retrotradução foi usada para garantir a precisão entre as escalas originais. A análise fatorial confirmatória foi utilizada para realizar a adaptação transcultural. MANOVA foi utilizada para comparar diferenças nas variáveis demográficas. Os voluntários foram motivados por dois fatores: Amor ao Esporte e Envolvimento Comunitário. O nível de escolaridade verificou diferenças significativas apenas no fator amor ao esporte. A MANOVA revelou que os voluntários com menor escolaridade (escola primaria e incompleta) possuem níveis de motivação (amor ao esporte) maiores comparado aos voluntários com ensino médio, graduação, mestrado e doutorado. A interação entre sexo e escolaridade indicou diferença significativa no mesmo fator, e a interação sexo e tipo de evento com o fator Envolvimento na Comunidade. Portanto, os resultados identificam algumas diferenças demográficas. Conclui-se que a motivação dos voluntários está atrelada ao amor ao esporte e envolvimento com a comunidade e possui relações com sexo e escolaridade, destacando a importância de investigar as motivações do voluntariado entre os eventos esportivos para promover o desenvolvimento positivo das práticas de gestão, especialmente dos eventos esportivos brasileiros.

Aprender de la práctica: voluntariado universitario para el abordaje epidemiológico de casos y contactos estrechos de COVID-19. Una sistematización de experiencias / Learning from practice: university volunteering for the covid-19 cases and close contact tracing. A systematization of experiences

Introducción: desde el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la Argentina se estableció la identificación y seguimiento de casos y contactos estrechos como una estrategia clave para cortar la cadena de transmisión del virus. Desde el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires se desarrolló un circuito de llamados telefónicos a casos y contactos estrechos para brindar pautas de alarma, medidas de aislamiento domiciliario y detectar situaciones que requieran acciones de gestión. Materiales y métodos: ante el aumento de casos en el mes de junio de 2020, el "Voluntariado para el Abordaje Epidemiológico de casos CO-VID-19 y detección de contactos estrechos" surge como propuesta para incorporar estudiantes de grado al circuito de llamados. Durante el período julio-octubre se desarrollaron tres cohortes consecutivas y participaron 51 estudiantes de distintas carreras de salud del Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Este trabajo se enmarca en una sistematización de experiencias como propuesta metodológica para la cual se conformó un equipo integrado por coordinadores/as y estudiantes. Objetivos: analizar el voluntariado implementado desde el marco de la sistematización de experiencias. Además, este trabajo se propone describir el desarrollo y las estrategias de capacitación, organización y comunicación e indagar en los sentidos que tuvo el voluntariado para los/as estudiantes. Resultados: se contactó al 20% (n = 1226) del total de los 6068 casos positivos del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires en dicho período y se derivaron 195 acciones de gestión. Desde la perspectiva de los/as voluntarios/as se destacó la posibilidad de tener contacto con pacientes, desarrollar habilidades comunicacionales y sentir que aportaron un "granito de arena" en el contexto de pandemia. Conclusiones: el voluntariado excedió los objetivos iniciales del circuito de llamados, para transformarse en un espacio de aprendizaje, inter-cambio y formación. Este trabajo invita a reflexionar sobre los perfiles profesionales del campo de la salud y a dialogar con propuestas formativas basadas en el aprendizaje complejo y el encuentro con escenarios reales. (AU)

Introduction: since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in our country, the identification of COVID-19 cases and close contact tracing has been established as a key strategy to cut the chain of contagion. The Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires created a phone call circuit to provide preventive measures and detect situations that require additional actions.Because of the increase in COVID-19 cases in June 2020, the "Volunteering for the COVID-19 cases and close contact tracing" emerged as a proposal to incorporate undergraduate students to the phone call circuit. During the period July to October, three consecutive volunteer cohorts took place and 51 students from different health careers from the Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires participated.Methodology: this work is based on a systematization of experiences as a research method for which a team made up of coordinators and students was formed. Objectives: analyze the volunteering implemented from the framework of the systematization of experiences. Also, this work proposes to de-scribe the development of the volunteering and the formation, organization and communication strategies and helped to know the meanings as-signed by the students to the volunteering. Results: the 20% (n = 1226) of the total 6068 Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires cases were contacted by volunteers and 195 additional actions were executed. From the perspective of the volunteers, they highlighted the possibility of having contact with patients, involving communication skills and feeling that they made a contribution in the context of a pandemic. Conclusion: the volunteering exceeded the initial objectives of the proposal, to become a place for learning, exchange and personal growth. This work invites us to reflect on the professional roles in the health field and to dialogue with educational programmes based on complex learning and encounters with real scenarios. (AU)

Emergency nursing: the Institute of Hygiene's performance during the brazilian civil war of 1932 / Enfermería de Emergencia: la actuación del Instituto de Higiene durante la guerra civil brasileña de 1932 / Enfermagem de emergência: a atuação do Instituto de Higiene durante a guerra civil brasileira de 1932

Abstract Objectives: to analyze and describe the São Paulo Institute of Hygiene's performance, now the School of Public Health of the Universidade de São Paulo, in the training of emergency nurses during the Brazilian Civil War. Method: descriptive, historical-documentary study. Results: ministered from July 13 to August 31, 1932 to 383 students, in five classes, with an average of ten days of class. The discipline First Aid to the Wounded of Trenches is highlighted and was ministered by the nurse Iracema Niebler. At the end of the course, the students graduated and made up the List of Nurses of the Barracks Battalion of São Paulo. Conclusion and implications for the practice: the Institute of Hygiene's performance in the training of civilians in emergency/war nurses revealed the institutional political alignment with the revolutionary movement of 1932, as well as the historical rescue of one of the first initiatives to train hands-on nurses assist in emergency situations during the most emblematic brazilian Civil War of 1932.

Resumen Objetivos: analizar y describir la actuación del Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo, actual Facultad de Salud Pública de la USP, en la formación de enfermeros de emergencia durante la Guerra Civil de 1932. Método: estudio descriptivo, histórico-documental. Resultados: ministrado entre el 13 de julio al 31 de agosto 1932, para 383 alumnas, en cinco grupos, con media de diez días de clases. Se destaca la disciplina Primeros Auxilios a los Heridos de Trincheras, ministrada por la enfermera Iracema Niebler. Al final del curso, los alumnos eran diplomados y componían la Lista de Enfermeras del Cuartel del Batallón Paulista. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: la actuación del Instituto de Higiene en la formación de civiles en enfermeros de emergencia/guerra reveló la alineación política institucional con el movimiento revolucionario de 1932, como también posibilitó el rescate histórico de una de las primeras iniciativas de capacitación de enfermeros prácticos para asistencia en situaciones de emergencia, durante la más emblemática Guerra Civil brasileña de 1932.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar e drescrever a atuação do Instituto de Higiene de São Paulo, atual Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP, na formação de enfermeiros de emergência durante a Guerra Civil brasileira de 1932. Método: estudo descritivo, histórico-documental. Resultados: ministrado entre 13 de julho a 31 de agosto de 1932, para 383 alunas, em cinco turmas, com média de dez dias de aula. Destaca-se a disciplina Primeiros Socorros aos Feridos de Trincheiras, ministrada pela enfermeira Iracema Niebler. Ao fim do curso, os alunos foram diplomados e compuseram a Lista de Enfermeiras do Quartel do Batalhão Paulista. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: a atuação do Instituto de Higiene na formação de civis em enfermeiros de emergência/guerra revelou o alinhamento político institucional com o movimento revolucionário de 1932, como também possibilitou o resgate histórico de uma das primeiras iniciativas de capacitação de enfermeiros práticos para assistência em situações de emergência, durante a mais emblemática Guerra Civil brasileira.

Propuesta para abordar los problemas de salud mental detectados en el proceso diagnóstico de la Delegación Presidencial para la reconstrucción tras el terremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010 / Proposal to address the mental health problems detected after the February 27, 2010 earthquake

One of the most important topics mentioned by people from places affected by the February 27th, 2010 earthquake to the Presidential Delegation for the Reconstruction, was the urgent need of mental health care. Given the enormous individual and social burden of mental health sequelae after disasters, its treatment becomes a critical issue. In this article, we propose several actions to be implemented in Chile in the context of the process of recovery and reconstruction, including optimization of social communication and media response to disasters; designing and deployment of a national strategy for volunteer service; training of primary care staff in screening and initial management of post-traumatic stress reactions; and training, continuous education and clinical supervision of a critical number of therapists in evidence-based therapies for conditions specifically related to stress.

Voluntariado e saúde / Volunteering and health

Os benefícios trazidos pelo voluntariado à área da saúde são conhecidos, aceitos e implantados em várias instituições. Esta atividade proporciona benefícios tanto aos pacientes quanto aos próprios voluntários, deve ser sempre supervisionada e exige treinamento prévio dos voluntários (AU)

The benefits of volunteering to healthcare are known, accepted and implemented in several institutions. This activity provides benefits to both patients and volunteers themselves, should always be supervised, and requires previous training of volunteers (AU)

Interpretación ambiental y etnobotánica: Trayectos educativos de un Proyecto de Extensión y Voluntariado Universitario con los actores sociales de la flora medicinal de las Sierras de Córdoba (Argentina) / Environmental interpretation and ethnobotany: Educational Paths of a University Extension Project and Volunteer Work with the Social Actors of Medicinal Plants of Sierras of Cordoba, Argentina

Se presenta la génesis, los objetivos, el alcance y valoración de un Proyecto de Extensión y Voluntariado Universitario atravesado por el eje teórico-conceptual y metodológico de la etnobotánica y por el enfoque de la Interpretación Ambiental, en torno a los actores sociales de la flora medicinal de las sierras de Córdoba. Con el objeto de revitalizar los procesos socioculturales de transmisión entre generaciones en relación con el conocimiento y uso de plantas medicinales en localidades rurales del Departamento Santa María, se implementaron "talleres de etnobotánica participativa" junto al diseño y creación de un "sendero turístico de interpretación", una "farmacia viva" y una "botica serrana". Asimismo se analiza en qué medida las competencias adquiridas y las prácticas sociales puestas en juego, contribuyeron a la formación de los estudiantes universitarios, así como a hacer un uso más sustentable de estos recursos nativos.

Operational feasibility of establishing community reporting systems.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries the absence ofa credible disease surveillance system results in an inappropriate response to an outbreak. Since a functioning and responsive disease surveillance system cannot be provided immediately, some interim surveillance system for early detection of outbreaks is needed to institute a prompt response. This operational research study was conducted to assess the feasibility of establishing community reporting systems involving women self-help groups and members of Panchayati raj institutions through syndromic surveillance at the community level. METHODS: Reporting was initiated from 8 villages in 4 gram panchayats of Begunia block of Khurda district in Orissa during May and June 2005. Members of women self-help groups and Panchayati raj institutions were trained on structured reporting guidelines. In congruence with the state disease surveillance system, weekly reporting was started for comparison where feasible. RESULTS: Completeness of reporting was better achieved by women self-help groups (91.6%) than members of Panchayati raj institutions (66.6%). Data capture was more complete as compared with the existing disease surveillance system. Illnesses among women were better captured and greater ownership of the public health service was noted. CONCLUSION: Establishing community reporting systems using women self-help groups and members of Panchayat raj institutions for disease surveillance in India is a feasible option.

Use of lay health workers in a community-based chronic disease control program.

The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in the developing world, and in particular diabetes, cancer and circulatory diseases, is an unfortunate fact of life. At the same time infection-related diseases, including sexually transmitted HIV-AIDS and HPV-dependent cervical cancer, remain important. One approach to alleviating the resultant stress on national health provision is to expand the knowledge base at the community level with contributions by lay health workers (LHWs). Here we take a brief look at the available literature and propose a model for intervention incorporating two way dialogue with the general populace to find effective means to package expertise in the medical/research community for lay consumption. Our argument is that particular attention should be paid to socioeconomic and behavioural aspects and to disease surveillance at the local level in order to be able to accurately assess the impact of interventions. For this purpose, we need to marshal volunteers from within communities taking account of their problems and motivations. Included are provision of assistance in setting up physical exercise programs, quit tobacco campaigns, alcohol awareness programs, running disease screening exercises and general help by providing advice as to risk and protective factors and clinical treatments, with an special focus on palliative care.

Increasing contraceptive acceptance through empowerment of female community health volunteers in rural Nepal.

The purpose of the study was to enhance contraceptive acceptance among currently-married women of reproductive age (CMWRA) through empowerment training of female community health volunteers (FCHVs). Seventeen FCHVs, who were working in Kakani Village Development Committee in the hills of central Nepal, attended an empowerment training that used participatory action research and reinforcement mechanisms. Following the training, the FCHVs were expected to empower the CMWRA to increase their contraceptive use. The impact of the intervention was assessed in a sample of 241 CMWRA, who were neither pregnant nor using contraceptives at the time of selection, by interviewing them before and six months after the intervention. The implementation of the intervention significantly increased the proportion of CMWRA knowing at least one contraceptive method (chi2(ldr)=71 .7, p=0.001). The use of modern contraceptives among the CMWRA from none before the intervention increased to 52.3% six months following the intervention. Satisfaction of the CMWRA with services provided by the FCHVs also significantly increased. The study concludes that empowerment training of FCHVs using participatory action research and peer reinforcement help increase the acceptance of contraceptives among CMWRA.

Capacitación a personal de salud y agentes comunitarios voluntarios

Plantea que el proyecto de apoyo a los SILAIS(PROSILAIS), tiene dentro de sus componetnes la capacitación del personal de salud y a los agentes comunitarios voluntarios con el objetivo de elevar la cobertura y mejorarla calidad de los servicios de atención de salud que se da a la población, con la participación comunitaria. Se realizó una investigación evaluativa para conocer los resultados obtenidos de la capacitación y el resultado de esta en la situación de salud de la población. Para ello se realizó técnicas variadas como encuestas, entrevistas y revisión documental, de 825 personas relacionadas en el proyecto en 30 municipios de 6 departamentos de Nicaragua

Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria in a refugee population in Sri Lanka.

To provide early diagnosis and prompt treatment for malaria, two interventions were compared in refugee camps in Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka. Community health volunteers (HV's) were trained in diagnosis and management of malaria on clinical grounds, while a field laboratory was established in another group of camps providing treatment after laboratory confirmation of a malarial infection. Patients with fever sought treatment from HV's on average after 2.74 days and from the field laboratory after 3.20 days. Although acceptance of both interventions was high, the effective catchment areas, especially of the HV's were small. Large numbers of health volunteers would be needed to cover all families, making it difficult to sustain supervision and necessary logistic support. For every malaria patient treated by HV's, three others would receive anti-malarial drugs unnecessarily. The maintenance of a field laboratory with a microscopist of the Anti-Malaria Campaign is not an economically viable option. Training of HV's in microscopy with a mechanism for cost recovery should be given serious consideration. HV's and diagnosis and treatment centers should be able to handle a wide spectrum of common diseases. A better option for Sri Lanka in the short term might be to improve existing general health facilities that are accessible to the refugee population.